Railway Catenary Sparking as a Source of Toxic Copper Ultrafine Particles: Evidence from Realistic In Vitro Inhalation Exposure
J. Becker, Jana Pantzke, Svenja Offer, Anusmita Das, Ajit Mudan, Carsten Neukirchen, Thorsten Streibel, Thomas Adam, Martin Sklorz, Sebastiano Di Bucchianico, Ralf Zimmermann
This study investigates the toxicity of copper ultrafine particles from railway catenary sparking using in vitro lung models and finds adverse effects including inflammation and DNA damage.
bioRxiv · May 11, 2026 · PreprintPharmacology & Toxicology