Virtual multiplex staining of the pancreatic islets across type 1 diabetes progression using a Schroedinger bridge
Ye Shen, Won June Cho, Saurabh Joshi, Benjamin Wen, Swarnagouri Naganathanhalli, Maria L. Beery, Casey Grubel, Arrun Sivasubramanian, André Forjaz, Mia P. Grahn, Lucie Dequiedt, Yuru Huang, Fan Wu, Brian A. Pedro, Laura DeLong Wood, , Ashley L. Kiemen
This paper introduces SMILE, a diffusion model for converting H&E stains to multiplex IHC images, showing superior performance in pancreatic islet analysis and breast cancer stain conversion.
bioRxiv · Apr 17, 2026 · PreprintBioinformatics