Insecticide resistance of Culex pipiens f. pipiens is geographically widespread in Germany and displays an unmatched genotypic and phenotypic resistance state
Emma Vandenberghe, Stien Vereecken, Friederike Reuss, Isabell Brusius, Corneel Janssens, Axel Magdeburg, David Alexander Groneberg, Ruth Muller, Isabelle Kramer
The paper assesses insecticide resistance in Culex pipiens f. pipiens across Germany, finding high kdr allele frequencies and phenotypic resistance in urban areas.
bioRxiv · Sep 24, 2026 · PreprintMolecular Biology