piR-bmo-796514 Facilitates the Proliferation of Exogenous DNA Virus (Baculovirus) by Targeting the Host E3 Ubiquitin Ligase RNF181

Abstract

PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), a class of 23-31 nucleotide non-coding RNAs, are known for silencing transposons and endogenous retroviruses that reside in animal genomes. However, the mechanisms by which host piRNAs affect exogenous viral infections, particularly those by DNA viruses, remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that infection by Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV), a large DNA virus, induces significant upregulation of silkworm host piR-bmo-796514, which facilitates viral proliferation by suppressing the expression of E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF181. We further reveal that RNF181 exerts antiviral activity through ubiquitin-mediated degradation of Integrin 2b-like, a cellular membrane protein that interacts with viral GP64 protein to mediate BmNPV entry. This study unveils a previously unrecognized regulatory axis connecting host derived piRNAs with exogenous DNA virus infection, providing further mechanistic insights into the modulation of exogenous viral pathogenesis through the reprogramming of the piRNA pathway. Our findings not only advance the understanding of the immune escape mechanism of exogenous viruses but also provide new insights for the development of oligonucleotide antiviral drugs that target proviral piRNAs.