The impact of primary colonizers on the community composition of river biofilm

Abstract

As a strategy for minimizing microbial infections in fish hatcheries, we have investigated how putatively probiotic bacterial populations influence biofilm formation on the surface of eggs. All surfaces that are exposed to the aquatic milieu develop a microbial community through the selective assembly of microbial populations into a surface-adhering biofilm. In the investigations reported herein, we describe laboratory experiments designed to determine how initial colonization of a surface by nonpathogenic isolates from sturgeon eggs influence the subsequent assembly of populations into the existing biofilm from a pelagic river community. All eight of the tested strains altered the assembly of river biofilm in a strain-specific manner. Previously formed isolate biofilm was challenged with natural river populations and after 24 hours, two strains and two isolate combinations proved highly resistant to invasion, comprising at least 80% of the biofilm community, four isolates were intermediate in resistance with at least 45% of the biofilm community and two isolates were reduced to 4% of the biofilm community. Founding biofilms of Serratia sp, and combinations of Brevundimonas sp.-Hydrogenophaga sp. and Brevundimonas sp.-Acidovorax sp. specifically blocked populations of Aeromonas and Flavobacterium, potential fish pathogens, from colonizing the biofilm. In addition, all isolate biofilms were effective at blocking invading populations of Arcobacter. Several strains, notably Deinococcus sp., recruited specific river populations into the biofilm. The experiments suggest that relatively simple measures can be used to control the assembly of biofilm on the eggs surface and perhaps offer protection from pathogens. In addition, the methodology provides a relatively rapid way to detect potentially strong ecological interactions between bacterial populations in the formation of biofilms.