Suppressor mutations in Mecp2-null mice reveal that the DNA damage response is key to Rett syndrome pathology

Abstract

Mutations in X-linked methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) cause Rett syndrome (RTT). We carried out a genetic screen for secondary mutations that improved phenotypes in Mecp2/Y mice after mutagenesis with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU), aiming to identify potential therapeutic entry points. Here we report the isolation of 106 founder animals that show suppression of Mecp2-null traits from screening 3,177 Mecp2/Y genomes. Using exome sequencing, genetic crosses and association analysis, we identify 33 candidate genes in 30 of the suppressor lines. A network analysis shows that 61% of the candidate genes cluster into the functional categories of transcriptional repression, chromatin modification or DNA repair, delineating a pathway relationship with MECP2. Many mutations lie in genes that are predicted to modulate synaptic signaling or lipid homeostasis. Surprisingly, mutations in genes that function in the DNA damage response (DDR) also improve symptoms in Mecp2/Y mice. The combinatorial effects of multiple loci can be resolved by employing association analysis. One line, which was previously reported to carry a suppressor mutation in a gene required for cholesterol synthesis, Sqle, carries a second mutation in retinoblastoma binding protein 8 (Rbbp8 or CtIP), which regulates a DDR choice in double stranded break (DSB) repair. Cells from Mecp2/Y mice have increased DSBs, so this finding suggests that the balance between homology directed repair and non-homologous end joining is important for neuronal cells. In this and other lines, the presence of two suppressor mutations confers better symptom improvement than one locus alone, suggesting that combination therapies could be effective in RTT.