Lineage-Specific Venom Gene Expression Shapes Chemical Diversity in Cephalopods
M Praveena Naidu, José Ramón Pardos-Blas, Saurabh S. Attarde, Favour Achimba, Benjamin-Florian Hempel, Ioana Clotea, Belkes Stambouli, Kim Nadine Kirchhoff, Melvin Williams, Jennifer B. McCarthy, Mariam Gelashvili, David Sharer, Afeeda Ali, Beatrix M. Ueberheide, Caroline B. Albertin, Mandë Holford
This study identifies a lineage-specific venom gene family in cephalopods, revealing its evolutionary origin, structural diversity, and glandular localization.
bioRxiv · May 10, 2026 · PreprintEvolutionary Biology