Unwilling or Unable? Using 3D tracking to evaluate dogs' reactions to differing human intentions.
C. J. Voelter, L. Lonardo, M. G. G. M. Steinmann, C. Frizzo Ramos, K. Gerwisch, M.-T. Schranz, I. Dobernig, L. Huber
This study uses 3D tracking and machine learning to show dogs react more impatiently to human actions signaling unwillingness than inability to transfer food.
bioRxiv · Jul 9, 2022 · PreprintAnimal Behavior & Cognition