CTLA-4 checkpoint signalling modulates germinal centre dynamics and antibody avidity during Borrelia burgdorferi infection in mice.
Varpu Johanna Mäkinen, Jukka Alinikula, Ruth Fair-Mäkelä, Pia Sundqvist, Marko Salmi, Pieta Mattila, Annukka Pietikäinen, Jukka Hytönen
This study shows that CTLA-4 signaling impairs antibody quality during Borrelia infection by affecting germinal center dynamics and T cell responses in mice.
bioRxiv · Nov 3, 2026 · PreprintImmunology