In Vitro/In Vivo Assessment of Aripiprazole-Loaded Thiolated Arabinoxylan based Nanoparticles: An Innovative Approach for Targeted Schizophrenia Therapy

Abstract

This study was conducted with the primary objective of improving the bioavailability of aripiprazole (APZ) through the development of nanoparticles using thiolated arabinoxylan (TAX) sourced from corn husk. TAX was synthesized via thiolation, employing thiourea as a thiol donor and hydrochloric acid as a catalyst. Characterization of TAX revealed a surface free thiol group content of 37.461 mmol/g, accompanied by an angle of repose measuring 0.393{+/-}0.035. Bulk density, tapped density, Hausner ratio, and Carr index fell within prescribed limits. Subsequently, APZ-loaded thiolated arabinoxylan based nanoparticles were fabricated using the ionotropic gelation method, with barium chloride serving as a cross-linker. Encapsulation efficiency was highest for formulation F4, at 97.1%{+/-}2.36. In vitro drug release demonstrated sustained release profiles at both pH 1.2 and pH 6.8, with F4 exhibiting the most favourable release kinetics. In vitro, characterization indicated that the optimized thiolated arabinoxylan based nanoparticle formulation had an average particle size of 211.1 nm with a Polydispersity Index (PDI) of 0.092 and a zeta potential of 0.621 mV. SEM imaging showed uniform, slightly spherical particles with minimal pores. DSC and TGA confirmed the conversion of APZ to amorphous states within the nanoparticles, enhancing solubility. Ex-vivo permeation studies exhibited favourable drug permeation. An In-vivo pharmacodynamics studies in a ketamine-induced schizophrenia rat model indicated the effectiveness of APZ loaded thiolated arabinoxylan based nanoparticles in behavioural tests, with no significant cataplectic effects observed. Acute oral toxicity assessments demonstrated the safety, with no mortality, no significant alterations in food and water consumption, or any histopathological abnormalities. In conclusion, these developed APZ-loaded thiolated arabinoxylan based nanoparticles hold promise for the effective treatment of schizophrenia without inducing toxic effects, showcasing their potential for clinical applications.