Multispecific nanobody degraders co-deplete membrane receptors and enable targeted delivery of diverse payloads

Abstract

Targeting membrane receptors underlies the success of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), yet single-receptor formats can be limited by heterogeneous expression, compensatory signaling, and variable internalization. Here we developed Multivalent Interchangeable Nanobody Degradation System (MINDS), a modular nanobody-Fc chassis that co-engages multiple membrane receptors, promotes their lysosomal co-depletion, and enables delivery of diverse intracellular payloads. As a proof of concept, we generated Tritazumab, a trispecific nanobody-Fc targeting three oncogenic receptors EGFR, cMET, and TfR1. Tritazumab incorporates a high-affinity, non-transferrin-competing anti-TfR1 nanobody that drives efficient uptake and lysosomal trafficking, enabling coordinated depletion of all three receptors. Across non-small cell lung cancer models, Tritazumab achieved rapid and sustained multi-receptor surface loss with picomolar degradation potency, reaching near-maximal depletion within approximately 1.5 hours. Conjugation of Tritazumab to MMAE preserved receptor binding and produced substantially greater antiproliferative activity and improved tumor selectivity relative to clinical ADCs in matched cell models, along with potent in vivo tumor growth inhibition and acceptable tolerability in a xenograft model. Extending the platform beyond cytotoxic payloads, a BRD4 molecular glue conjugate improved the selectivity window by > 100-fold and showed marked in vivo efficacy, while an EZH2-targeting PROTAC conjugate achieved an approximately 1,000-fold increase in intracellular degradation potency relative to the free PROTAC. These findings establish MINDS as a modular multispecific degrader-payload platform that integrates receptor co-depletion to enhance anticancer selectivity and efficacy.