Darwin's "neuters" and the evolution of the sex continuum in a superorganism
J. Oettler, T. Wallner, B. Dofka, J. Heinze, N. Eichner, G. Meister, M. Errbii, M. Rehli, C. Gebhard, E. Schultner
The paper identifies three phenotypic entities in ant embryos, including 'neuters', and proposes that haplodiploidy enables a third dimension on the sex continuum in Cardiocondyla obscurior.
bioRxiv · Nov 13, 2023 · PreprintEvolutionary Biology