Discovery of dihydroxy-enone-type protein-bound ceramides as the dominant type in human stratum corneum

Abstract

Protein-bound ceramides are a specialized subclass of ceramides that are essential for skin barrier function, and their defective formation leads to severe skin disorder ichthyosis. Despite their biological importance, the precise molecular structures of protein-bound ceramides have remained incompletely defined, largely due to the technical challenges arising from their unique covalent linkage between lipid and protein components with highly distinct physicochemical properties. Using mass-spectrometry-based analyses of acylceramide moieties derived from protein-bound ceramides, we investigated whether epoxy-enone (EE)-type protein-bound ceramides present in mouse epidermis are conserved in human skin. Although EE-type protein-bound ceramides were detectable in the human stratum corneum, they constituted only a minor fraction of the ceramides in this tissue. Instead, we discovered a previously unrecognized class of protein-bound ceramides, termed dihydroxy-enone (DE)-type protein-bound ceramides, as the predominant class in human skin. These DE-type ceramides are generated through hydrolytic opening of the epoxide moiety of EE-type ceramides. In contrast, DE-type protein-bound ceramides were present in mouse epidermis at much lower levels. DE-type acylceramides appeared as two chromatographically distinct peaks, which likely correspond to putative stereoisomers with (9R,10S) and (9R,10R) configurations. Age-dependent increases in the (9R,10S) form in mouse epidermis closely paralleled changes in the expression levels of the epoxide hydrolase Ephx3, suggesting a role for EPHX3 in the conversion of EE- to DE-type ceramides. Together, these findings further reveal molecular diversity in protein-bound ceramides and a fundamental difference between human and mouse epidermal lipid architectural organization.