A Functional Basis for the Developmental Sequence of the Macrostructure of the Venus Flower Basket (Euplectella aspergillum)

Despite receiving significant interest from the biological and engineering communities, several questions about the underlying reasons for the form of the deep-sea sponge Venus Flower Basket (Euplectela aspergillum) remain unanswered. In particular, the basis for the sequence of emergence of three distinct macroscopic geometric features, while speculated upon, has not been validated. These features are (i) an interwoven cross-grid in the juvenile stage, (ii) a diagonal weave atop this initial grid, and (iii) a helical ridge that emerges in the mature phase of the sponge. This work uses computational design and additive manufacturing to fabricate models of each of these phases in sequence and subjects the models to mechanical tests in compression, bending and torsion. The results show that each feature has a singular advantage, even after accounting for the increase in mass associated with their addition: increased compliance for interwoven cross-grid, increased bending stiffness for diagonal weaves, and improved torsional rigidity for the helical ridge. The work postulates that the prioritization of compliance in the juvenile phase and a transition to a stiffer structure in the mature phase is a strategy that enables the sponge to avoid high internal stresses to avoid failure in its inherently brittle, silica-derived architecture. Highlights1. The benefits of three macrostructural design elements of the Venus Flower Basket (E. aspergillum) that emerge sequentially in its development are examined: (i) the interweaving cross-grid, (ii) the diagonal weave that overlays this cross-grid, and (iii) the helical ridge reinforcement that forms over this diagonal weave. 2. For the first time, this work models each of these design features sequentially and studies their mechanical benefits through an experimental exploration of the behavior of idealized geometries in three test domains: compression, bending, and torsion. 3. Results show that each of these three structural elements has a unique functional advantage depending on the organisms growth stage, even after accounting for differences in mass: interweaving enables higher compliance under compression, the diagonal weave improves bending stiffness, and the helical ridge improves torsional stiffness.