Ubiquitin-driven protein condensation initiates clathrin-mediated endocytosis

Abstract

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is an essential cellular pathway that enables signaling and recycling of transmembrane proteins and lipids. During endocytosis, dozens of cytosolic proteins come together at the plasma membrane, assembling into a highly interconnected network that drives endocytic vesicle biogenesis. Recently, multiple groups have reported that early endocytic proteins form flexible condensates, which provide a platform for efficient assembly of endocytic vesicles. Given the importance of this network in the dynamics of endocytosis, how might cells regulate its stability? Many receptors and endocytic proteins are ubiquitylated, while early endocytic proteins such as Eps15 contain ubiquitin-interacting motifs. Therefore, we examined the influence of ubiquitin on the stability of the early endocytic protein network. In vitro, we found that recruitment of small amounts of polyubiquitin dramatically increased the stability of Eps15 condensates, suggesting that ubiquitylation could nucleate endocytic assemblies. In live cell imaging experiments, a version of Eps15 that lacked the ubiquitin-interacting motif failed to rescue defects in endocytic initiation created by Eps15 knockout. Furthermore, fusion of Eps15 to a deubiquitylase enzyme destabilized nascent endocytic sites within minutes. In both in vitro and live cell settings, dynamic exchange of Eps15 proteins, a hallmark of liquid-like systems, was modulated by Eps15-Ub interactions. These results collectively suggest that ubiquitylation drives assembly of the flexible protein network responsible for catalyzing endocytic events. More broadly, this work illustrates a biophysical mechanism by which ubiquitylated transmembrane proteins at the plasma membrane could regulate the efficiency of endocytic recycling. Significance StatementThe assembly of proteins into dynamic, liquid-like condensates is an emerging principle of cellular organization. During clathrin-mediated endocytosis, a liquid-like protein network catalyzes vesicle assembly. How do cells regulate these assemblies? Here we show that ubiquitin and endocytic proteins form a dynamic, mutually-reinforcing protein network in vitro and in live cells. To probe the impact of ubiquitylation on the dynamics of endocytosis, we engineered opto-genetic control over recruitment of proteins to nascent endocytic sites. While recruitment of wildtype proteins promoted endocytosis, recruitment of deubiquitylases, enzymes capable of removing ubiquitin, resulted in disassembly of endocytic sites within minutes. These results illustrate that ubiquitylation can regulate the fate of endocytic structures, elucidating a functional connection between protein condensates, endocytosis, and ubiquitin signaling.