NanoNet: Rapid end-to-end nanobody modeling by deep learning at sub angstrom resolution

Antibodies are a rapidly growing class of therapeutics. Recently, single domain camelid VHH antibodies, and their recognition nanobody domain (Nb) appeared as a cost-effective highly stable alternative to full-length antibodies. There is a growing need for high-throughput epitope mapping based on accurate structural modeling of the variable domains that share a common fold and differ in the Complementarity Determining Regions (CDRs). We develop a deep learning end-to-end model, NanoNet, that given a sequence directly produces the 3D coordinates of the C[a] atoms of the entire VH domain. For the Nb test set, NanoNet achieves 1.7[A] overall average RMSD and 3.0[A] average RMSD for the most variable CDR3 loops. The accuracy for antibody VH domains is even higher: overall average RMSD < 1[A] and 2.2[A] RMSD for CDR3. NanoNet runtimes allow generation of ~1M nanobody structures in less than an hour on a standard CPU computer enabling high-throughput structure modeling.