Deep-coverage whole genome sequences and blood lipids among 16,324 individuals

Deep-coverage whole genome sequencing at the population level is now feasible and offers potential advantages for locus discovery, particularly in the analysis rare mutations in non-coding regions. Here, we performed whole genome sequencing in 16,324 participants from four ancestries at mean depth >29X and analyzed correlations of genotypes with four quantitative traits - plasma levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides. We conducted a discovery analysis including common or rare variants in coding as well as non-coding regions and developed a framework to interpret genome sequence for dyslipidemia risk. Common variant association yielded loci previously described with the exception of a few variants not captured earlier by arrays or imputation. In coding sequence, rare variant association yielded known Mendelian dyslipidemia genes and, in non-coding sequence, we detected no rare variant association signals after application of four approaches to aggregate variants in non-coding regions. We developed a new, genome-wide polygenic score for LDL-C and observed that a high polygenic score conferred similar effect size to a monogenic mutation (~30 mg/dl higher LDL-C for each); however, among those with extremely high LDL-C, a high polygenic score was considerably more prevalent than a monogenic mutation (23% versus 2% of participants, respectively).