A. L. Wheeler

The protein domains of vertebrate species in which selection is more effective have greater intrinsic structural disorder

The paper introduces a new Codon Adaptation Index (CAIS) to measure selection effectiveness in vertebrates and shows that more adapted species have protein domains with higher intrinsic structural disorder.

The effectiveness of selection in a species affects the direction of amino acid frequency evolution

The paper examines how effective selection in species influences amino acid frequency evolution, finding that preferred amino acids are less costly to synthesize and use GC-rich codons, explaining 85% of variance in preferences.