Chromosomal and Genetic Variations

Across 325 Darwin Tree of Life genomes, satellite-array and transposon-cluster centromeres are phylogenetically scattered, fitting a model of repeated interconversion; satellites share higher-order repeat structure but not sequence.

Over 8,000 gapless human centromeres reveal population-stratified satellite-array, inversion and haplotype variation, multiple candidate kinetochore sites in 16.8% of centromeres, and single-base substitution rates comparable to flanking pericentromeres.

From 338 beetle genomes, eight ancestral linkage groups were inferred; rearrangement rates vary widely, peaking in major radiations, and the X chromosome dates to Holometabola's ancestor.

Conservatory, an orthogroup-centric conserved noncoding sequence finder, catalogs 2.3 million unique CNSs across 314 plant genomes and reveals regulatory elements older than angiosperms and seed plants.

In spatial transcriptomes from five plant species, segmental (including whole-genome) duplicates show higher, broader, spatially variable expression and redundancy, while small-scale duplicates diverge asymmetrically.

A second complete human centromere set (CHM1) plus 31 nonhuman primate centromeres reveals extensive α-satellite higher-order repeat variation, kinetochore repositioning, and saltatory emergence of new repeats.

Chromosome-scale inshore hagfish genome places 1R before the cyclostome-gnathostome split and 2R in the gnathostome stem, and reveals two cyclostome-specific duplications (CR1, CR2).

With a new structural LTR module, RepeatModeler2 recovers 2.9 to 4.7 times more curated TE families near-perfectly than RepeatModeler 1.0.11 in fruit fly, zebrafish, and rice.