The origin and evolution of archaeal Borg extrachromosomal elements
Ling-Dong Shi, Petar I. Penev, Bethany Cristine Kolody, Leylen Miloslavich, Shufei Lei, Rohan Sachdeva, Anna Rasmussen, Bradley B. Tolar, Christopher A. Francis, Alexander J. Probst, Xabier Vázquez-Campos, Timothy E. Payne, Zhou Jiang, J Li, Cheng Wang, , Jillian F. Banfield
The paper identifies and characterizes Borgs and mini-Borgs in Methanoperedens archaea, revealing their evolutionary origins and genomic relationships.
bioRxiv · May 23, 2026 · PreprintMicrobiology