César A. Santiago

The paper determines the structures of two actinoporins in a membrane environment using cryogenic electron microscopy, revealing their pore-forming mechanism through intermediate states.

This study shows that HIV-1 Env proteins induce CXCR4 clustering on T cells, which is linked to infection, and highlights the importance of co-receptor spatial organization in viral entry.

This paper identifies a small molecule that modulates CXCR4 nanoclustering without affecting ligand binding, improving therapeutic potential over existing CXCR4 antagonists.