N. S. Lewis

This study maps the antigenic sites of H9 influenza A virus hemagglutinin using quail sera, identifying key amino acid substitutions that affect antigenic profiles and vaccine efficacy.

The paper assesses the zoonotic risk of swine H1 influenza A viruses by evaluating their cross-reactivity to human vaccine antisera and transmission efficiency in a pig-to-ferret model.

The paper reports the detection of H5N1 HPAI viruses in Canada linked to European strains, suggesting transatlantic spread by wild birds and raising concerns for further spread in the Americas.

The paper reports that systemic infection with H5N8 avian influenza virus caused encephalitis and mortality in wild mammals at a UK wildlife rehabilitation centre.

This study traces the origin and spread of H5 HPAI viruses in Bulgaria using genomic and epidemiological data, identifying two separate outbreaks with no reassortment except in the MP segment.

The paper reports the detection of H3N8 influenza A virus in a Grey seal pup, identifies mammalian-adaptive mutations, and suggests potential zoonotic risk and pandemic surveillance relevance.

This study tracks avian influenza virus evolution in wild birds across three migratory flyways in Georgia, revealing subtype diversity, reassortment patterns, and genetic relationships with global AIV populations.