Eosinophils are an endogenous source of IL-4 during filarial infections and contribute to the development of an optimal T helper 2 response

Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a central regulator of type 2 immunity, crucial for the defense against multicellular parasites like helminths. This study focuses on its roles and cellular sources during Litomosoides sigmodontis infection, a model for human filarial infections. Our research uncovers eosinophils as a major source of IL-4, especially during the early phase of filarial infection. Using dblGATA mice lacking eosinophil and subsequently eosinophil-derived IL-4, we reveal their profound impact on the Th2 response. Lack of eosinophils impact Th2 polarization and resulted in impaired type 2 cytokine production. Surprisingly, eosinophil deficiency had no impact on macrophage polarization and proliferation as well as on antibody production. These findings shed new light on IL-4 dynamics and eosinophil effector functions in filarial infections. AUTHOR SUMMARYFilarial nematodes can cause severe diseases like onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis, posing a significant public health challenge in tropical regions, putting over a billion people at risk. The WHO categorizes these infections as neglected tropical diseases and aims to eliminate onchocerciasis transmission and lymphatic filariasis as a public health issue by 2030. To achieve this goal, we need a better understanding of the protective immune responses involved. Eosinophils have been identified as a key immune cell type in the well-established murine model for filarial infection, Litomosoides sigmodontis. However, their precise roles and interactions with other components of the type 2 immune response remain unclear. Our study reveals that eosinophils play a crucial role as a primary source of interleukin-4, the central cytokine in type 2 immunity. By using dblGATA mice, we found that the absence of eosinophils resulted in a reduced T helper 2 response but did not impact the alternative activation of macrophages or antibody production. In summary, our research uncovers an underappreciated function of eosinophils and their significant influence on type 2 immune responses.