Development of potent humanized TNFα inhibitory nanobodies for therapeutic applications in TNFα-mediated diseases

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) is a key pro-inflammatory cytokine implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimers Disease. Effective inhibition of TNF is essential for mitigating disease progression and improving patient outcomes. In this study, we present the development and comprehensive characterization of potent humanized TNF inhibitory nanobodies (TNFINbs) derived from camelid single-domain antibodies. In silico analysis of the original camelid nanobodies revealed low immunogenicity, which was further reduced through machine-learning-guided humanization and developability optimization. The two humanized TNFI-Nb variants we developed demonstrated exceptional anti-TNF activity, achieving IC50 values in the picomolar range. Binding assays confirmed their high affinity for TNF, underscoring robust neutralization capabilities. These TNFI-Nbs present valid alternatives to conventional monoclonal antibodies currently used in human therapy, offering potential advantages in potency, specificity, and reduced immunogenicity. Our findings establish a solid foundation for further preclinical development and clinical translation of TNF-targeted nanobody therapies in TNF-mediated diseases.