Host adaptation in gut Firmicutes is associated with sporulation loss and altered colonisation patterns

Human-to-human transmission of symbiotic, anaerobic bacteria is a fundamental evolutionary adaptation essential for membership of the human gut microbiota. However, despite its importance, the genomic and biological adaptations underpinning symbiont transmission remain poorly understood. Here, we show that sporulation ability, which promotes transmission of anaerobic bacteria, has been independently lost in many distinct evolutionary lineages of gut bacteria belonging to the Firmicutes phyla. Analysis of 1358 genome-sequenced Firmicutes reveals loss of sporulation is associated with features of host-adaptation such as genome reduction and specialized metabolic capabilities. Consistent with these data, analysis of 28,000 gut metagenomes from people around the world demonstrates that bacteria now incapable of sporulation are more abundant but less prevalent in the human population compared to spore-forming bacteria. Our results suggest host adaptation in gut Firmicutes is an evolutionary trade-off between transmission range and colonisation abundance, leading to distinct transmission cycles. We reveal host transmission as an underappreciated process that shapes the evolution, assembly and functions of gut Firmicutes.