Mitochondrial dsRNA: A Hidden Source of Immunogenic RNA in ADAR1 Deficiency

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) triggers immune responses during viral infections, but self-derived dsRNA can activate similar pathways. To prevent this, the body relies on mechanisms like ADAR1, an RNA-editing enzyme essential for immune regulation. Dysfunction of ADAR1 is linked to various diseases, yet the nature and role of dsRNAs accumulating in its absence remain unclear. Here, we identify mitochondrial dsRNA (mt-dsRNA), transcribed from the mitochondrial genome, as a major contributor to the endogenous dsRNA pool in ADAR1-deficient human and murine cells. We propose a "Draw-and-Release" model, where ADAR1 loss increases mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS), causing mt-dsRNA accumulation in the mitochondrial matrix ("Draw" phase) and its immune-activating release into the cytosol upon mitochondrial protein dysfunction ("Release" phase). This study highlights the importance of mitochondrial integrity in mitigating ADAR1-related pathologies.